Jason Koski/University Photography

From left, astronomy professor Dong Lai and graduate students Natalia Storch and Kassandra Anderson have examined "hot Jupiters" to learn why these exoplanets make their own suns wobble.

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"Hot Jupiters," those large, gaseous planets outside our solar system, can make their suns wobble after they wend their way through their own solar systems.

Blame the “hot Jupiters.”

These large, gaseous exoplanets (planets outside our solar system) can make their suns wobble after they wend their way through their own solar systems to snuggle up against their suns, according to new Cornell research published in Science, Sept. 12.

“Although the planet’s mass is only one-thousandth of the mass of the sun, the stars in these other solar systems are being affected by these planets and making the stars themselves act in a crazy way,” said Dong Lai, Cornell professor of astronomy and senior author on the research, “Chaotic Dynamics of Stellar Spin in Binaries and the Production of Misaligned Hot Jupiters.” Physics graduate student Natalia I. Storch (lead author) and astronomy graduate student Kassandra R. Anderson are co-authors.

In our solar system, the sun’s rotational axis is approximately aligned with the orbital axis of all the planets. The orbital axis is perpendicular to the flat plane in which the planets revolve around the sun. In solar systems with hot Jupiters, recent observations have revealed that the orbital axis of these planets is misaligned with the rotational axis of their host star. In the last few years, astronomers have been puzzled by spin-orbit misalignment between the star and the planets.

Roasting like marshmallows on an open fire, hot Jupiters – large gaseous planets found throughout the universe in other solar systems – wander from distant places to orbit extraordinarily close to their own suns. So far as astronomers know, this only happens in binary star systems. Partner binary stars, some as far away as hundreds of astronomical units (an astronomical unit is 93 million miles, the distance between Earth and the sun), influence the giant Jupiter-like planets through gravity and cause them to falter into uncommon orbits; that, in turn, causes them to migrate inward close to their sun, Lai said.

“When exoplanets were first found in the 1990s, it was large planets like Jupiter that were discovered. It was surprising that such giant planets can be so close to the parent star,” Lai said. “Our own planet Mercury is very close to our sun. But these hot Jupiters are much closer to their suns than Mercury.”

By simulating the dynamics of these exotic planetary systems, the Cornell astronomers showed that when the Jupiter-like planet approaches its host star, the planet can force the star’s spin axis to precess (that is, change the orientation of their rotational axis), much like a wobbling, spinning top.

“Also, it can make the star’s spin axis change direction in a rather complex – or even a chaotic – way,” said Lai. “This provides a possible explanation to the observed spin-orbit misalignments and will be helpful for understanding the origin of these enigmatic planets.”

Lai noted that the chaotic variation of the star’s spin axis resembles other chaotic phenomena found in nature, such as weather and climate.

The research was supported by the National Science Foundation and by NASA.