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Lauren McPhillips tests a residential groundwater well for methane contamination.

Two Cornell hydrologists have completed a thorough groundwater examination of drinking water in a potential hydraulic fracturing area in New York’s Southern Tier. They determined that drinking water in potable wells near conventional natural gas wells in Chenango County is safe to drink and within federal guidelines.

The researchers report their findings in July’s Journal of Hydrology – Regional Studies.

“In Pennsylvania, reports of natural gas in the groundwater started to occur after the state began to allow hydraulic fracturing. Nobody had thought to test the well water there beforehand, and no one had a sense of the water quality prior to fracking. We’ve conducted a comprehensive baseline study of the water,” said Todd Walter, associate professor of biological and environmental engineering, the paper’s senior author.

“We’re verifying that the water quality here [in the Southern Tier] is pretty good,” said lead author Lauren McPhillips, doctoral candidate in the field of biological and environmental engineering. “There is some naturally occurring methane caused by geology – and not by humans – but none of the concentrations we found hit levels considered dangerous,” she said.

The researchers studied more than 100 groundwater wells in Chenango County, a rural area with conventional natural gas wells. They sought to accurately assess any potential contamination in groundwater wells located both close and afar from a conventional gas well.

“With the potential for unconventional technology (high-volume, hydraulic fracturing of horizontal wells) being used to access Marcellus Shale gas resources in New York state, it is important to gather baseline information on water quality before this contentious technology is implemented,” the researchers wrote.

In Chenango County, methane concentrations – attributable to natural geological processes – were higher in groundwater dominated by sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate, when compared with groundwater dominated by calcium bicarbonate. This indicates that groundwater interacts with bedrock and is staying below ground for a longer period.

In nearby Pennsylvania, which allows hydraulic fracturing, one research group led by Robert Jackson of Duke University found higher groundwater methane concentrations and “thermogenic isotope signatures” (chemical fingerprints caused by deep, natural processes in the Earth) near existing gas wells, but no correlation to other factors.

Another study led by Lisa Molofsky of GSI Environmental Inc. in Houston found no relationship between dissolved methane in groundwater and proximity to gas wells, but did find methane concentrations were higher in valleys and in groundwater dominated by sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate.

Other co-authors of the paper, “Assessing Dissolved Methane Patterns in Central New York Groundwater,” are Anne Elise Creamer ’13 and Brian G. Rahm, postdoctoral researcher with Cornell’s New York State Water Resources Institute. Research funding was provided by Cornell’s Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, the New York Water Resources Institute and the Cornell Engineering Learning Initiative Program.