In a basement room in Lincoln Hall, students juggled pieces, game boards and instructions, determined to come out the winner in an intense game of Rithmomachia, a medieval game once more popular than chess. To win, they needed at least three pieces in enemy territory in a straight line, in which the pieces present one or more of the three Pythagorean means (arithmetic, geometric or harmonic). Invented in the 11th century by monks in southern Germany, “Rithmomachia” means “a battle of numbers.”

The game was one of many engaged learning challenges students faced over the course of the spring 2017 semester in The Art of Math: Mathematical Traditions of Symmetry and Harmony.

“We turn concepts into games to encourage students to think about how to prove them. The activities distill proofs into other ways of thinking,” said Courtney Roby, associate professor of classics, who co-taught the course with Andrew Hicks, associate professor of music and medieval studies.

In addition to in-class games, students had problem sets and a group journal in which they posted their thoughts on solving the problem. Each week, students received individual feedback on their homework and a group response that synthesized the journal discussion contributions, “which provides additional space for collaborative learning based upon shared experiences, both frustrations and successes,” noted Hicks.

The course focused on symmetry and harmony as central concepts built on a long history of mathematical exploration in a variety of domains (geometry, astronomy, arithmetic, music), not just in the European mathematical tradition but also in mathematical texts from China, India and the Islamic world. “We’re trying to push the idea that math is not one size fits all but there are other ways to solve problems. Math is about exploration and strategy and creatively finding solutions,” said Roby.

The students reflected the course’s interdisciplinary nature, majoring in math, physics, engineering, classics, architecture, biology and music.

“It’s rigorous math, always with the goal of looking at problems and thinking about patterns and ways to solve them,” said Hicks. “Even if you head down the wrong road, if something comes out of it, that’s valuable.”

Added Roby: “We’ve created a space where people feel comfortable saying, ‘I had trouble with this.’ That shows up in the creativity with the ways students approach the homework sets.”

Hicks and Roby strove to make the mathematics of harmony tangible. For example, they explained what Archimedes did by emphasizing visual ways of understanding. Students were invited to devise their own techniques of visual analysis and explanation and apply them to Archimedes’ early version of calculus. One student designed a mobile to prove that the intersections of shapes balance. Another designed an Ikea-style manual. “Our students evinced deep understanding of what Archimedes was doing, not just in words but in visual concepts,” said Roby.

Many class activities re-created historical pedagogical techniques. For example, paper folding, used in a number of traditions, provided an opportunity for students to learn about regular shapes, ratios and proportions used to design architectural spaces.

“Our hope for this class is that they get the idea that math is about exploring, rigorous thinking and proofs, which can take a lot of different forms,” said Roby. “Math is something that’s living.”

“It’s the most fun I’ve ever had teaching a class and also the most work,” said Roby. Added Hicks with a laugh, “Sometimes we needed to build things and buy craft supplies. It’s unlike any course I’ve ever taught.”

Linda B. Glaser is a staff writer for the College of Arts and Sciences.