After raising their families in summer, males and females of some bird species spend their winter break apart. At the end of their journey to Central or South America, you might find mostly males in one habitat, and females in another.

Yet conservation strategies have typically overlooked the habitats needed by females, putting already-declining species in even more peril, according to a new study in the journal Biological Conservation.

“Among the small songbird species that have been studied, the general rule seems to be that females occupy lower elevation, shrubbier, drier sites,” said Ruth Bennett, Ph.D. ’19, lead author of “Overlooked Sexual Segregation of Habitats Exposes Female Migratory Landbirds to Threats,” which published Nov. 7. “Mid-elevation and high-elevation sites that are more humid and have better quality forest are occupied by males.”

Bennett conducted the research while at Cornell; she is now a postdoctoral researcher at the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center.

This male-female split is pretty common, Bennett said, but the study found that in conservation plans for 66 declining migratory species, only three made any mention of his-and-her habitats – plans for golden-winged warbler, Bicknell’s thrush, and black-capped vireo. Bennett concludes that female birds are definitely being overlooked.

“When conservation plans don’t explicitly address the habitat requirements of both sexes, there’s no guarantee both sexes will be protected,” she said. “Overlooking habitats females use can lead to unforeseen population loss, which is especially critical for species of conservation concern.”

“Our research is an important reminder that ‘one size fits all’ conservation does not accommodate the needs of both male and female birds any more than a one-size-fits-all approach would work in meeting the needs of all genders at work and at home,” said co-author Amanda Rodewald, senior director of conservation science at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

Using declining golden-winged warblers as their case study, the researchers also found that the habitats where female birds spend the winter are being lost more rapidly than those inhabited by males. Field crews surveyed more than 1,500 locations for the warblers during three wintering seasons in Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama.

Researchers then used Global Forest Watch data to see what percentage of areas with the most birds had been deforested between 2000 and 2016. Male golden-wings lost 4% of their habitat during that time span; females lost 8%.

Despite the higher threat faced by females, the study found that habitats for the males got all the conservation attention.

“To counteract the bias in favor of male birds, researchers and conservation planners need to identify and report the sex of birds, model female distributions and include female habitats in conservation plans,” Bennett said.

Female birds are often harder to find because of their muted colors, and both sexes are quieter while in their wintering locations. But making the effort to consider the needs of female birds could pay off in the long run.

“Yes, it requires more investment and care on the survey portion of any conservation effort when you’re trying to acquire information to guide action,” Rodewald said. “But that could actually allow us to be much more strategic and save money on the back end. Conservation plans are stronger, and more likely to be effective, when they explicitly consider the needs of females.”

Funding for this research was provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and the Cornell Department of Natural Resources.

Pat Leonard is a staff writer at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.